1 Foundations of Biostatistics (NURS 60N)
This “chapter” contains links to the presentations and materials covered in the first course of this curriculum, NURS 60N.
1.1 Presentations
1.1.1 Major Principles
- Randomness & Variables
- Samples vs. Populations
- Evaluation vs. Research
- Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics
- Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Analyses
Related is this app demonstrating the Central Limit Theorem
1.1.2 Frequencies & Counts
- Frequencies & Relative Frequencies
- Probabilities
- Risks & Risk Ratios
- Hazards & Hazard Ratios
- Odds & Odds Ratios
- Contingency / cross tables
- Fisher’s Exact Test
- Important Distributions
- Normal Distribution
- Q-Q Plots
- χ² Distribution
- Normal Distribution
Related is this app to practice matching distributions to Q-Q plots
1.1.3 Measuring & Testing Differences
- Review of Assumptions in Inferential Statistics
- Hypothesis Testing
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- Common Tests: t & F
Related is this app to demonstrate draws from a null distribution and a non-null distribution of difference scores
1.1.4 Power and Effect Size
- Review & Elaboration of Hypothesis Testing
- Power
- Effect Size
1.1.5 Association & Causation
- Individual Differences and Correlations
- Types of Correlation Statistics
- Partial and Semipartial Correlations
- Concerning Causality
1.1.6 The ANOVA Family of Tests
- Basic Concepts of ANOVAs
- Example of Main Effects & Interactions
- Types of ANOVAs
- t- & F-Tests Roles & Nature
- Post hoc Comparisons
- Reference Tables for ANOVA Terms
1.1.7 Assignments
1.1.8 1. Exploring Descriptive Statistics
The first assignment is a practice of using Excel/Calc or SPSS to explore and present univariate and bivariate descriptions of data from the HHS’ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s yearly survey of medical expenditures, the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The MEPS site says that these are “the most complete source of data on the cost and use of health care and health insurance coverage.”
This assignment serves to help accustom you to manipulating, exploring, and presenting data. Although it also begins gaining insights buy looking at simple relationships between pairs of variables, the focus is on understanding and presenting simple-but-important univariate descriptives statistics.
1.1.9 2. Exploring Relationships and Testing Hypotheses
- Instructions
- Data used in assignment
In the first assignments, we used descriptive statistics, including to compare groups. Next, we test the significance of bivariate relationships, this time using United States cancer statistics made available by the CDC.
1.1.10 3. Exploring Correlations and Partial Correlations
- Instructions
- Data used in assignment
In the third assignment, we investigate correlations, again using either Excel/Calc or SPSS. This time, though, we explore the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, a national research project examining how psychological, social, and biological factors affect health throughout participants’ adult lives.
1.1.11 4. Writing About and Interpreting Results
The product for the final assignment is a complete Results section; what data are analyzed (and thus what analyses are included) is more open ended. Any of the prior data sets can be used, but students can also use their own data, e.g, from projects they’re involved with or even synthetic data resemble those they expect to collect in a future endeavor.
